The association between human papillomavirus infection, vaginal microecology, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in women from Xinjiang, China.

PURPOSE: This study analyzes the relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, vaginal microecology, and cervical lesions to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer (CC) in the Xinjiang region. METHODS: Real-time quantitative PCR was used for HPV genotyping and viral load. The Gram staining and dry biochemical enzyme kit were utilized to diagnose vaginal secretions. The χ2 test and Logistic regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The HPV infection rate among women in the Xinjiang region was 30.29%, of which the single HPV infection accounts for 77%. HPV16 and HPV52 were the main infection types. There was significant differences in the HPV infection rate and infection types among the Han, Uighur, Hui, and Kazakh ethnic groups. The viral load of HPV16 and HPV52 increases with the upgrade of cervical lesions. There were significant differences in vaginal microecology evaluation indicators H2O2, SNA, LE, GUS, trichomonas, clue cells, and lactobacilli among different ethnic groups. HPV negative patients with varying grades of cervical lesions exhibit a notable variance in H2O2 and LE, which is statistically significant. Single HPV infection and high viral load HPV significantly increase the risk of CC. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that HPV infection and vaginal microecology differ among ethnic groups, which have a strong correlation with the progression of CC, offering guidance on CC screening and interventions in the Xinjiang area.

Association between clinicopathological features and survival in patients with primary and paired metastatic colorectal cancer and KRAS mutation.

The KRAS gene mutation is involved in several types of tumors. However, the potential role of the KRAS mutation in human primary and paired metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) among different nationalities is poorly understood. In the present study, we assessed the relationship between KRAS mutation status and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in 230 patients with primary and paired metastatic CRC. The KRAS mutation rate in primary CRC tissue was 43.0% (99/230), which was higher than in paired metastatic CRC, which was 31.9% (23/72; P<0.001). Clinicopathologically, the KRAS gene mutation rate was higher in tumors that had infiltrated more deeply (T3, T4) and in lymph node (LN) metastases (N1/N2) (P=0.029 and P=0.010, respectively). The KRAS gene status did not differ between the Han and Uyghur nationalities in both primary and metastatic CRC. In 72 paired cases, the KRAS mutation rate in primary CRC was significantly higher than in metastatic CRC (P<0.001) and in metastatic CRC that had infiltrated more deeply (T3, T4) (P=0.034). In the metastatic cases, the KRAS gene mutation rate was higher in patients aged over 65 years (P=0.035). Specifically, KRAS mutation was correlated with a poorer OS and DFS (P=0.004 and P=0.029, respectively). In our study, 35 patients with wild-type KRAS who received cetuximab targeted therapy had a better DFS than patients with mutant KRAS (P=0.029). The results of the current study demonstrate that the KRAS status is significantly associated with infiltrating LN metastases and the TNM stage in primary CRC. In addition, the results show that the KRAS mutation is significantly more common in primary tumors than in paired metastatic CRC, and the KRAS mutation is correlated with a shorter OS and DFS, as patients with wild-type KRAS who received cetuximab experienced a longer DFS.

A case of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm with ecchymotic lesions on the whole body.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursors is a very rare, and characterized by cutaneous and bone marrow involvement and leukemic spread. The neoplasm presents with an aggressive behavior, and the clinical findings include cytopenia, particularly thrombocytopenia. The tumor cells are negative for antigens of T- and B- cell lines. However, these cells express CD4, CD56 and CD123, which are markers of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and negative for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). From this point of view, a 71-year-old man who was initially found to have a cutaneous mass on his face and thorax was reported here, and initially was diagnosed as "eczema". The skin rashes then became aggravated on a trial of low dose topical corticosteroid for 2 months. According to skin biopsy, the tumor cells reveal an immature blastic appearance and positive for CD4 and CD56, negative for CD3, CD20, indicating a diagnosis of BPDCN. Here, we report the dismal course of a patient with BPDCN without accepting further therapy, and only survived 3 months.

Elevated expression patterns and tight correlation of the PLCE1 and NF-κB signaling in Kazakh patients with esophageal carcinoma.

This study investigated the expression of the phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB)-related proteins in Kazakh patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Tissue microarrays of 90 ethnic Kazakh patients with ESCC and exhibiting clinical characteristics were analyzed for protein expression of PLCE1, IKKß, IKBα, p50, and p65 by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between histoscores of PLCE1 and NF-κB-related proteins were determined using Spearman's rank correlation tests. Expression of PLCE1 and NF-κB-related proteins significantly increased in tumor tissues compared with normal esophageal tissues (P = 9.48 × 10(-7), 1.24 × 10(-5), 0.004, 0.003, and 2.83 × 10(-5), respectively). Upregulation of PLCE1 was significantly correlated with advanced tumor-node-metastasis stages (P = 0.018) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.003). Overexpression of IKKß and IKBα was associated with ESCC stages I/II (P = 3.36 × 10(-4) and 0.022, respectively). Increased expression of p50 was significantly higher in patients with lymph node metastasis than without lymph node metastasis (P = 0.048). Elevated expression of p65 protein was significantly correlated with poor and moderately differentiated ESCC and depth of tumor invasion (P = 0.026 and 0.010, respectively). Significant positive correlations were observed between the expression of PLCE1 and NF-κB-related proteins, especially IKKß (r = 0.246 and P = 0.025) and p50 (r = 0.244 and P = 0.024). These results suggest, for the first time, that upregulation of PLCE1 is correlated with increased expression of NF-κB-related proteins in Kazakh patients with ESCC, suggesting that interaction between PLCE1 with the NF-κB signal pathway may be responsible for the carcinogenesis of ESCC, such as ESCC-related inflammation.

Multiple polymorphisms within the PLCE1 are associated with esophageal cancer via promoting the gene expression in a Chinese Kazakh population.

Although recent genome-wide association studies of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) identified a susceptibility locus in phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) in Chinese Han populations, few studies further confirmed these findings in pure Kazakh population in which there are higher incidence and mortality of ESCC. Here, we investigated the potential associations between 19 SNPs of PLCE1 and susceptibility to ESCC in 222 cases and 326 controls from a pure ethnic population of Kazakh. Real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the PLCE1 expression levels and evaluate their association with PLCE1 polymorphism. We found that only 4 SNPs (rs753724, rs11187842, rs2274223, and rs12263737) with moderate linkage disequilibrium (LD) confer significantly increased risk of ESCC, with the ORs ranging from 1.43 to 2.04, and there was a risk allele dose-dependent increase in ESCC risk (P-trend=0.043). Especially, the risk effects of rs2274223 were more evident in poor differentiation and advanced clinical stages of Kazakh ESCC. Additionally, the significantly lowest PLCE1 mRNA expression was found in the KYSE-150 cell line having no risk alleles compared with other three cell lines having risk alleles, and the normal tissues of both homozygous mutant type of PLCE1 rs12263737 and rs2274223 had a higher PLCE1 staining score than that of homozygous wild type. Our findings suggested that genetic variants in PLCE1 might serve as candidate markers for Kazakh ESCC susceptibility, and these LD variants might influence ESCC risk individually and jointly by promoting the messenger RNA and protein expression of the gene.

[Relationship between rs2274223 and rs3765524 polymorphisms of PLCE1 and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a Kazakh Chinese population].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the rs2274223 and rs3765524 polymorphism of phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) gene and the susceptibility to develop esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a pure Kazakh Chinese population. METHODS: Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was utilized to genotype the potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphism rs2274223 A>G and rs3765524 C>T of PLCE1 in an ongoing hospital-based and case-control study of 200 ESCC cases with 300 cancer-free age ( ± 5 years) and sex matched controls. Statistical analyses were performed with Statistical Products and Services Solutions software (version 13.0). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence evaluation intervals (95%CI) measured by multivariate logistic regression analysis were adopted to study the correlation of the gene polymorphism with the susceptibility to ESCC. RESULTS: The genotype frequencies observed for rs2274223 was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in controls. Univariate analysis revealed significant differences between cases and controls with respect to genotype distribution for rs2274223 (P = 0.006). The variants of rs2274223 were found to confer significantly increased risk of ESCC (GG vs AA: OR = 3.17, 95%CI = 1.45-6.93; AG/GG vs AA: OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.08-2.22) in the Kazakh Chinese population. Moreover, AG/GG genotype of rs2274223 was found to be significantly associated with poorly-differentiated ESCC (OR = 2.48, 95%CI = 1.10-5.60). When the ESCC patients were divided into two subgroups, stage I/II and stage III/IV according to the AJCC TNM classification, the GT/GG genotype of rs2274223 was significantly associated with stage III/IV ESCC (OR = 1.85, 95%CI = 1.05-3.25). No significant association was found between rs3765524 and Kazakh ESCC. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that rs2274223 site polymorphism of the PLCE1 gene is strongly associated with risk of ESCC in a Kazakh Chinese population, especially the poorly-differentiated and stage III/IV ESCC.